Ink:

    The manufacturing of today's ink takes into account dozens of factors, including things such as color, opacity, transparency, brilliance, light fastness, surface hardness, pliability, wet ability, purity, and odourlessness. Most pen inks incorporate three main ingredients in different ratios than others inks. These ingredients are carbon black, a heavy varnish, and a drier to reduce drying time.

    Most nonpermanent markers use inks that are made of colored pigment and water. On filter paper, the water in the ink carries the pigment onto the paper. When the ink dries, the pigment remains on the paper. When you dip filter paper in water, the dried pigments dissolve. As the water travels up the filter paper, it carries the pigments along with it. Different-colored pigments are carried along at different rates, some of them traveling faster and farther than others. The pigments speed is determined upon the size of the pigment molecule and how strongly the pigment is attracted to the paper. Since water carries the different pigments at different rates, the ink starts to separate to uncover the colors that were mixed together to make it.

Green ink looks green because it reflects the green part of white light and absorbs all the other colors.

Adhesion and Cohesion:

    Adhesion is a force between the water molecules in the paper towel. Cohesion is when the water sticks to itself. Both of these forces, adhesion and cohesion cause the water to travel up the filter paper while moving against gravity. When the water reaches the line of ink on the filter paper it dissolves some of the dyes in the ink, and the dyes travel up the paper towel with the water. This is how you can see all the different colors that make up the original ink.

Definitions:

• Water Soluble - capable of dissolving in water

• Permanent - existing perpetually, everlasting, etc. - without significant change

• Filter paper - porous paper used in filtering

Markers:

    Crayola markers are made to provide you with a quick and even flow of wonderful color that does not bleed through most papers. The markers remain working for a time of 24 hours or some after the caps have been removed. If a crayola marker is prematurely dried, it can be revived by dipping the tips in warm water for approximately one to two minutes.

Marker Manufacturing:

The steps:

• The barrel is molded from plastic resin

• The barrel is screen printed

• A cotton-like filament that holds the ink is inserted into the end barrel

• Plastic plug is inserted at one end of the barrel

• Ink is injected at the other end of the barrel using a hypodermis-like needle

• The tip (writing nib) is inserted in this same end

• Plastic cap is placed on the marker

Color:

    Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting with the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors.

Chromatography:

    Chromatography is one of the most valuable techniques that biochemists have to separate mixtures. Chromatography can be used to determine the ingredients that make up a particular flavor or scent, to analyze the components of pollutants, to find traces of drugs in urine, and other various things.

Highlighters:

    Many highlighters come in bright, usually fluorescent, colors. If your highlighter is fluorescent, the ink will glow under a black light.

Filter Paper:

    Filter paper is used to rid a liquid from solid particles. Filter paper is any of various grades of coarse unfinished paper which can be used to separate solids from a liquid.