Volcanic islands shape when magma comes out of the bottom of the ocean. The volcano grows fast. The layers of the volcano become thicker. The volcano then emerges at the surface of the ocean. The volcano stops erupting. The volcano creates an island for vegetation and life.

Black Fummes are when there holes at the bottom of the ocean and black water comes out. This water is very rich in minerals. With the contact of the cold ocean water they forme huge chimney's called black smokers. The layers of this are zinc, iron, sulphur and copper.

Black sand is when volcanic island’s has lava that burn’s, it makes contact with the cold ocean. The tiny particales explode. This black sand is very rich in minerals. Its color is dark black.

Back to: Index